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1. ADHD stands for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can interfere with daily functioning.
2. ADHD affects approximately 5-10% of children and about 2-5% of adults worldwide. It is more commonly diagnosed in boys than girls, though this discrepancy may be due to underdiagnosis in girls.
3. The exact cause of ADHD is not yet known, but research suggests that it is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Differences in brain structure and function, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetic variations have been implicated in the development of ADHD.
4. The three main subtypes of ADHD are predominantly inattentive presentation (formerly known as ADD), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation, which involves both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
5. Inattentive symptoms of ADHD include difficulty sustaining attention, being easily distracted, being forgetful, having trouble organising tasks, and frequently losing things. Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms include excessive fidgeting, talking excessively, difficulty staying seated, and impulsive behaviour.
6. ADHD often coexists with other mental health conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. These comorbidities can complicate diagnosis and treatment.
7. Effective management of ADHD typically involves a multimodal approach, including behavioural interventions, educational support, and, in some cases, medication. Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed and have been shown to reduce ADHD symptoms in many individuals.
8. ADHD is not solely a childhood disorder. Many children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms into adulthood, although they may manifest differently. Adults with ADHD often struggle with organisation, time management, impulsivity, and maintaining relationships.
9. Despite the challenges associated with ADHD, individuals with the disorder can also possess strengths such as creativity, hyper-focus on areas of interest, and thinking outside the box. Harnessing these strengths can be beneficial in academic, professional, and personal pursuits.
10. Support and understanding from family, friends, and educators are crucial for individuals with ADHD. Creating a structured environment, setting realistic goals, providing clear instructions, and promoting self-care and self-advocacy skills can help individuals with ADHD manage their symptoms and thrive in various aspects of life.
